Learn how to configure an NGINX web server on Windows, macOS, and Linux.

1 Introduction

Owning a personal web server is a dream many people have. Self-hosting a website grants you complete control over its configuration during all development stages and enhances data privacy because the information does not leave your infrastructure.

A tool that is widely used for configuring web servers is NGINX. It is free, open-source software that allows you to build and self-host websites. It can also function as a reverse proxy. However, the drawback of such a setup is that, without poking holes in your firewall, the server can only be accessed from the same local area network (LAN). Having a commonly used port exposed to the outside world is dangerous because it can be scanned and probed for vulnerabilities by attackers.

Even though the NGINX web server can be run as a Docker container, this guide will focus on the standard setup process. In the rest of the article, you can find instructions on how to configure a simple NGINX web server on different operation systems.

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2 Configure a web server on Windows

2.1 Set up NGINX

To start setting up the web server, you will need to install NGINX.

1. Go to the NGINX download page and download the latest mainline version for Windows.
2. Extract the downloaded archive.
3. Move the extracted folder to a convenient location — for example, the desktop.
4. Go inside the NGINX folder, open the conf folder, and locate the nginx.conf file.
   
5. Open the nginx.conf file using a text editor, such as Notepad.
6. Locate the listen line and ensure that the number next to it is set to 80.
   
7. Save changes (File > Save) and exit.

If you do not change the port number to port 80, you will be required to specify the port from the nginx.conf file when accessing the website.
For example, if the port is set to 8080, you would need to enter the following in your internet browser: localhost:8080

2.2 Control NGINX

You can control NGINX services by using the command line. Commands allow you to start, stop, and restart NGINX.

1. Locate the nginx.exe file in the NGINX folder, right-click it, and choose Properties.
2. Copy its full path, which is displayed next to Location.
   
3. Open the Windows Command Prompt by pressing the Windows key + R on your keyboard, typing in cmd, and pressing Enter.
4. In the Command Prompt window, enter cd and paste in the copied path surrounded by quotation marks.
   Example:

   cd "C:\Users\secretmeerkat\Desktop\nginx-1.23.3\"

   Now, you can control the nginx.exe file using the Command Prompt.

5. Type in nginx.exe and press Enter to start the web server.
   To check if the web server started, open an internet browser of your choice and enter localhost in the URL bar. If the setup is correct, you will be greeted with the default NGINX landing page.
   

   You will not be able to run any other commands in the same Command Prompt that was used to start NGINX. To run any new NGINX-related commands, you will need to open a new command prompt window and go to the NGINX directory once again.

2.3 Personalize your landing page

You can make adjustments to the landing page in order to customize the website to your preference.

1. In the NGINX folder, open the html folder and locate the index.html file.
2. Open index.html using a text editor, such as Notepad.
3. Make any necessary changes to the file using HTML.
4. Save changes (File > Save) and exit.
5. In the command prompt, run the following command to reload NGINX with the new configuration:

   nginx.exe -s reload

   Lastly, visit localhost in your web browser once again to see the newly designed website.

   The initial iteration of the web server may still be visible in the browser after reloading the NGINX server. This is because it is saved in the browser’s cache.
   To resolve this problem, clear your cache and try accessing the website once more.

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3 Configure a web server on macOS

Homebrew is compatible with macOS Big Sur (Version 11) or later.
For this configuration, macOS Ventura (Version 13.0.1) with an Intel processor was used.

3.1 Install Homebrew

To install NGINX, you can use the Homebrew package manager. Install Homebrew by taking these steps:

1. Open Terminal.
2. Enter the following command:

   /bin/bash -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/HEAD/install.sh)"

   For additional information about the installation process, refer to Homebrew documentation.

3. Follow the on-screen instructions to finish the installation.

With Homebrew installed, you can proceed with installing NGINX.

3.2 Install NGINX

To install NGINX using Homebrew, follow these steps:

1. Open Terminal and run the following command:

   brew install nginx

2. Wait for Homebrew to download and install NGINX with all of the required dependencies.
   

3.3 Change the configuration file

By default, the NGINX port will be set to 8080. However, you can change it to port 80 to allow easier access to some web servers.

To change the port number for the NGINX web server, do the following:

1. Open the nginx.conf file using the Nano text editor by running this command in Terminal:
   For Intel Macs:

   nano /usr/local/etc/nginx/nginx.conf

   For Apple silicon Macs:

   nano /opt/homebrew/etc/nginx/nginx.conf

2. Locate the listen line and change the number next to it from 8080 to 80.
   
3. Press Control + X, Y, and Return to save changes and exit.
4. Run the following command to restart the NGINX service:

   brew services restart nginx

With the service restarted, open an internet browser of your choice and enter localhost in the URL bar. If the setup is successful, you will be greeted with the default NGINX landing page.

If you do not change the port number to port 80, you will be required to specify the port from the nginx.conf file when accessing the website.
For example, if you leave the default port 8080, you would need to enter the following in your internet browser: localhost:8080

3.4 Personalize your landing page

Now you should have the web server up and running. You can make adjustments to the landing page in order to customize the website to your preference.

1. Open Terminal and run the following command:
   For Intel Macs:

   nano /usr/local/var/www/index.html

   For Apple silicon Macs:

   nano /opt/homebrew/var/www/index.html

2. Make any necessary changes to the file using HTML.
3. After modifying the file, press Control + X, Y, and Return to save changes and exit.
4. Run the following command to restart the NGINX service:

   brew services restart nginx

Lastly, visit localhost in your web browser once again to see the newly designed website.

The initial iteration of the web server may still be visible in the browser after reloading the NGINX server. This is because it is saved in the browser’s cache.
To resolve this problem, clear your cache and try accessing the website once more.

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4 Configure a web server on Linux

For this configuration, Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS was used.

4.1 Set up NGINX

To start setting up the web server, you need to install NGINX.

1. Update all of your repositories and install NGINX by running the following command in Terminal:

   sudo apt update && sudo apt install nginx -y

2. Once the installation finishes, run the following command to open the NGINX configuration file using the Nano text editor.

   sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/default

   For other Linux distributions, use this command:

   sudo nano /etc/nginx/nginx.conf

3. Locate the listen line and ensure that the number next to it is set to 80.
   
   If you do make any changes, press Ctrl + X, Y, and Enter to save and exit.

Now, open your internet browser and enter localhost into the URL bar. If the setup was correct, you will be greeted with the default NGINX landing page.

If you do not change the port number to port 80, you will be required to specify the port from the /etc/nginx/sites-available/default file when accessing the website.
For example, if the port is set to 8080, you would need to enter the following in your internet browser: localhost:8080

4.2 How to fix error 98

The most common error that you can encounter while trying to start NGINX is error 98. It may come with either of the following messages:

nginx: [emerg] bind() to failed (98: Address already in use)
nginx: [emerg] bind() to failed (98: Unknown error)

If you receive this error, you will not be able to finish the configuration without resolving it.

To fix the error, find what service is using the required port (for example, port 80) by running the following command:

sudo netstat -tulpn | grep :80

The net-tools package is required to use the netstat command.
It can be installed by executing the following command:

sudo apt install net-tools

In the output, you will see the name of the process and its process identification number (PID). With that information, you can kill the process by using sudo kill <PID>.

Example

sudo kill 2059

Alternatively, you can either change the port of NGINX or the port of the other service.

4.3 Personalize your landing page

Now you should have the web server up and running. You can make adjustments to the landing page in order to customize the website to your preference.

1. Open the index.nginx-debian.html file using the Nano text editor by running this command:

   sudo nano /var/www/html/index.nginx-debian.html

   If you do not have the index.nginx-debian.html file, use the following command to find the necessary .html file on your system.

   ls /var/www/html

2. Make any necessary changes to the file using HTML.
3. After modifying the file, press Ctrl + X, Y, and Enter to save changes and exit.
4. If NGINX is still running, run the following command to restart it with the new change:

   sudo nginx -s reload

   Otherwise, you can start NGINX by running the sudo nginx command.

Lastly, visit localhost in your web browser once again to see the newly designed website.

The initial iteration of the web server may still be visible in the browser after reloading the NGINX server. This is because it is saved in the browser’s cache.
To resolve this problem, clear your cache and try accessing the website once more.